How will changing the distance an elastic band is stretched effect the distance a plastic tub travels down a runway Essay Example

How will changing the distance an elastic band is stretched effect  the distance a plastic tub travels down a runway Essay The aim of this experiment is to see how changing the distance an elastic band is stretched will effect how far a tub is catapulted down a runway.PlanIn our experiment we plan to test how far we can catapult a plastic tub across a runway using an elastic band. We are going to get a runway and place it on a flat surface; at one end we will place a piece of wood horizontally across the width of the underside of the runway. The wood will have two nails in it on which the elastic band will be stretched around, this will come over the top of the runway to allow the elastic band to be pulled back and catapult a plastic tub along the runway. The equipment we will be using is:Runway,Plastic Tub,Length of wood with a nail in either end,Elastic band,Ruler,PencilThis is how we will lay out our experiment:The results we are going to collect are the distance the plastic tub travels. The variable we are going to alter in this experiment is the distance the elastic band is stretched backwards. This will change the force of the elastic band. We are going to change the distance of the elastic band being stretched 10 times, starting at 3cm, and finishing at 30cm, therefore a 3cm gap in between each. We will repeat this experiment 3 times, and work out the averages to eliminate any inaccurate results and to ensure all our results are accurate. To keep this experiment a fair test we will take a few precautions to ensure there is no foul play. We will use the same plastic tub, runway, elastic band, and the same direction in which the plastic tub is fired. We are going to use the same plastic beaker because if we use different tubs for each experiment, the shapes may be different, or the weight may be different and this will affect the distance the tub will travel.We are going to keep the runway the same as this could also affect the distance the tubs travels, due to the friction of the runway or length of the runway. We will also make sure that the runway is on a flat surface at al l times, and in the same place and this could affect the results due to gravity. If the runway is sloping downwards the gravity will pull down on the tub and cause it to move further. We will make sure that the wood with the nails will be kept secure with no movement. We will use the same elastic band because if we change elastic bands they may have different forces in which they fire at, they may be different lengths or thickness and also they may have different tensions. This may cause the results to be inaccurate. Lastly we will make sure that we catapult the tub in the same direction as if we change direction this may affect the results due to air resistance. The wind may be blowing in a different way, which will cause inaccurate results.PredictionI think that as the distance the elastic band is stretched back increases, so will the distance the tub travels. I think this because of the following equation:Work Done = Force x DistanceThe force, in this case being friction, will st ay the same because the weight inside the tub is staying constant and we are using the same surface throughout the experiment, these are not changing so the force will also stay constant and not change. According to my prediction, as the work done (energy given to the tub by the elastic band) increases, so will the distance the tub travels.MethodThe way we carried out our experiment was how we planned it apart from two things that we added to ensure a more accurate experiment. When we were measuring how far we pulled back the elastic band, we actually marked on the runway each distance to ensure that it was the exact distance that it needed to be so when we repeated the experiment it would be in exactly the same place. This kept the test fairer and I think gave us more accurate results.The second thing we altered is we put weights in the tub. When we were carrying out test runs we soon found out that the tub would fly way past the end of the runway and usually end up on the floor. T o overcome this problem we put 500grams of weights in the tub. This made the tub catapult only onto the runway; as a result our results were easier to measure and so more accurate.ResultsThis is our table of results that we collected from our experiment.Distance BandDistanceTub Travelled(cm)AverageStretched (cm)1st Test2nd Test3rd Test(cm)3000061.91.82.01.998.58.77.48.21218.51414.515.61528.023.822.524.81836.532.642.637.22167.556.351.758.52490.571.574.778.927103.394.3107.3101.630158.0114.7142.3138.3From looking at this table of results I can see that as I increase the distance the elastic band is stretched, the distance travelled increases, but I cannot see a pattern in the rate of increase, I will have to draw out a graph to make this clearer.(Graph attached)I have drawn a line of best fit onto my graph to try and see any patterns but I still cant find any, to find a pattern I will have to draw out a table to work out the percentage increase.By looking at my table I can see that the re is a fairly obvious pattern. Each time there is an increase I can see that each increase is about 40% or 50%. This pattern shows me that the distance travelled is increasing at a steady and similar amount each time.ConclusionsMy results show that as I increased the distance that the elastic band is stretched; the distance the tub travels also increases. This matches up with my prediction and so my prediction was right. I can tell that my prediction was right from the graphs because my line of best fit is curving up, starting at 0. This tells me the distance the tub travelled increases as the distance the band is stretched increases. If the line has been curving down, this would tell me that as the distance the elastic band is stretched increased, the distance the tub travelled would decrease.I know that the results didnt increase proportionally because if the had done then the line would be a diagonal line, starting at 0 and going directly through the centre of the graph. As this matches up with my prediction, this means that the equation in which I associated this experiment was also correct. The equation wasWork Done = Force x Distance.Evaluation/CriticismIf I were given opportunity to do this experiment again I would change a few things about how I carried it out. Firstly I would have put more measures in place to make sure my methods were fairer, one of then being make sure it is the same person who pulled the elastic band back each time and also have a longer runway so as the tub didnt crash into the end. I would also make sure that my results were more accurate by marking all the measurements on at once, and also repeating my experiment 5 times to ensure better and more accurate results. I would improve the whole thing by using a much thicker rubber band, as the ones we were given were very thin and could snap easily.In my table of percentage increase I can see that there is one result that does not fit the pattern. I think this is because it is just a duff result and if I were to do this experiment again I would ensure that this didnt happen by repeating the experiment 5 times.If I were to do another experiment to find more about my aim I would probably do an experiment to test how increasing the amount of elastic bands affects the distance a plastic tub will catapult.

Primary Research Essays

Primary Research Essays Primary Research Essay Primary Research Essay The primary research consisted of focus group and face to face interviews as Zikmund (1984) defined an interview as a purposeful discussion between two or more people in order to gain valuable knowledge. If utilised correctly an interview can be used to gather valid research data, which is reliable (Saunders et al. , 2002). Researchers usually begin their investigation with interviews involving people who perceive, and are also part of, a problem, as well as those who have had experience with similar problems (Corey 1990).One of the main advantages that surround interview-based research centres on the ability to interrogate the interviewee in greater detail and relevance, compared to, say, a closed- ended questionnaire. When carrying out interviews it is important to determine whether a structured or non-structured interview be carried out. A structured interview follows a predetermined set of questions. Non-directed interviews allow for flexibility in the discussion, relying on the interviewee to volunteer relevant facts and opinions, with broad guidance from the interviewer.For this study semi-structured interview was conducted and it provided an opportunity to obtain a more in-depth, subjective and exploratory perspective of the subject at hand. The semi-structured approach was chosen to obtain the required data, as it enabled the interview to follow an established list of questions revolving around the research aims and objectives. But more importantly, Saunders et al. , (2002) acknowledged, it provides the flexibility to ask immediate or probing questions.The duration of the interviews were kept minimal and succinct, lasting 30 minutes for face to face interviews and 60 minutes for the focus group interviews. Secondary data can be created within an organization itself (such as corporate annual reports), or generated by sources outside a corporation like books, a number of articles in journals, individual papers in collections of reference papers, and the internet. There are various sources of information being exploited in this research and are as follows: text books and journals that relates to internationalization, foreign direct investments and entry modes.Other sources heavily used in this study included but not limited to TopicalCare Publications both hard and electronic copies, World Bank, OECD and Nigerian government publications. The using of secondary data has the advantage for the investigator in terms of time saved and less expense. Nevertheless, the main problem is that this data may not completely fit to the objective. It is crucial to assess the suitability of secondary data. Moreover, the published documents may contain outdated information. The most significant problem of using secondary data is that it is difficult to prove how reliable the information is.

To what extent should companies go with business bluffing in order to Essay

To what extent should companies go with business bluffing in order to maximize profit - Essay Example In the present age, when the people have become very conscious regarding the environmental issues and the health and safety aspects of business, businessmen are exposed to a lot of challenges. The rise in level of social consciousness comes as a potential threat to the profitability of businesses because the two are on the two extremes of the seesaw. The profitability increases when the standards of ethics are not complied with and vice versa. Businessmen frequently make use of bluffing to maximize their profits. Bluffing in business is essentially a strategy of the like which is used in games like poker. The game strategy has no reflection in the bluffer’s morality. When a businessman respects truth, he/she essentially considers it â€Å"the basis of private morality† (Carr). A businessman deserves respect for respecting the truth. Bluffing has become an essential component of many kinds of businesses. For example, in court, when a lawyer fights a case for a client, his/her job is to prove that he/she is not guilty regardless of what the truth is, and this is fully understood by the judge and everyone who is involved in the jury down the line. It is commonly said that the court is blind, which means that a judge can not take a decision if he/she believes one of the parties is right unless that party provides the judge with sufficient evidence against the criminal party. This is perfectly consistent with Henry Taylor’s statement, â€Å"falsehood ceases to be falsehood when it is understood on all sides that the truth is not expected to be spoken† (Carr). This description of bluffing is as valid for business as it is for poker . Corporate executives can not make independent decisions. Their actions are guided by the instructions of the top management. However, in addition to being an employee, a corporate executive is just as human as his/her manager. The corporate executive thinks from his/her own mind and is fully capable of analyzing the quality of decision enforced by the manager. Quite often, a corporate executive may not approve of the decision of the top management, but there is nothing he/she can do about it because if he/she attempts to, he/she will risk the job. Therefore, most corporate executives tend to remain silent rather than giving voice to their conflicting views, and this, for many, is the strategy of survival in the workplace. In this way, business ethics resemble the game ethics both of which are totally different from the ethics of religion. Businessmen generally maintain self constructed standards of ethics and tend to comply with them. As long as they are doing good on certain scal es of ethics that they value the most, they are happy that they are conducting the business ethically and their conscience is fully satisfied. The Democrat, Omar Burleson from Texas expressed his views about his own business practice in these words: I can tell you that we pride ourselves on our ethics. In thirty years not one customer has ever questioned my word or asked to check our figures. We're loyal to our customers and fair to our suppliers. I regard my handshake on a deal as a contract. I've never entered into price-fixing schemes with my competitors. I've never allowed my salesmen to spread injurious rumors about other companies. Our union contract is the best in our industry. And, if I do say so myself, our ethical standards are of the highest! (Burleson cited in Carr). In fact, the difference arises from the disparity of perceptions about the ethical standards of the businessmen and those of the stakeholders. When a businessman says that his ways are ethical, it most often means that he/she complies with the ethics of

Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Business Law - Essay Example The primary concern of the questioner is whether his concern can be referred to the court. The other two concerns are: 1. Position of the concerned court with respect to end-of service gratuity for the previous period of the visa. 2. Salary difference of the actual received and mentioned in the labour contract. Response: Al Shaiba clarified about the right of questioner that he has full right to get compensation based on his actual employment duration which is three years. Regarding the salary difference, Labour Law calculates the compensation based on the current salary drawn by the employee. Therefore, both the concerns addressed clarify that the employee shall get his case referred under the concern court through the Ministry of Labour. Query#2: Gratuity Calculation The questioner worked in a company under unlimited contract for one year before tendering his resignation. Questioner has two queries: 1. The end of service gratuity was calculated on the basis of 21 days salary. 2. If the questioner is legally entitled for a return ticket to his home country as the contract was signed in the home country. Response: Al Shaiba gave the reference of Article No 137 of the Federal Labour Law No.8 of 1980. This article clarifies the doubt of the respondent. The article states, "Where a worker under an indefinite term contract abandons his work at his own initiative after a con ­tinuous service of not less than one year and not more than three years, he shall be entitled to one-third of the severance pay provided for in the preceding article. Such a worker shall be entitled to two thirds of the said severance pay if his continuous service exceeds three years up to five years and to the full severance pay if it exceeds five years". The second doubt is clarified that the employee is entitled to get the return tickets to home provided he returns back to home country and does not work with a new employer. Query 3: Arbitrary Dismissal This is a case of dismissal of an emp loyee who was working for his company from more than two years. The nature of the contract was for unlimited period. The employee received dismissal due to his absence from work for five consecutive days without excuse, 6th day he was present at work but again 7th and 8th day he went absent. The dismissal was justified under pursuant of the Article n. 120 (Labour Law) and employee was explained that he was not entitled to end-to service gratuity even after producing medical report for the absence period. The queries were: 1. Questioner wanted to know the Article 120 in detail. 2. Questioner wanted to clarify what should he do if the dismissal is not in conformity of the Article no.120 of the Labour Law 3. If there is no conformity; could he get reinstated by his company under legal obligation of Ministry of Labour/Competent court? Answer: The article No.120 of the Federal Labour Law No.8 of 1980 is as follows: "An employer may dismiss a work ­er without notice if and only if the w orker: 1. Assumes a false identity or na ­tionality or submits forged certificates or documents; 2. Is engaged on probation and is dismissed during or at the end of the probationary period; 3. Commits a fault resulting in sub ­stantial material loss to the employ ­er, provided that the latter notifies the labour department of the inci ­dent within 48 hours of his becoming aware of its occurrence; 4. Disobeys instructions on

A True Story of Crime and Punishment Essay Example for Free

A True Story of Crime and Punishment Essay A true story of how a man was tried, convicted, and sentenced to death, May God Have Mercy exposes the imperfections in the criminal justice system and how it led to the death of an innocent man. Roger Colemans case became the main story on nightly newscasts and prominent television shows such as Larry King Live, Nightline, Good Morning America, and the Today Show. Many crucial, yet harmful decisions were made that ultimately resulted in an innocent mans execution at the death house in Greensville, Virginia. The police, the prosecutor, and the Judge can all be held responsible for Colemans death. However, the reason Roger Coleman was not acquitted of the murder of Wanda McCoy in the first place and thus in a position to be executed was because his original lawyers, Steve Arey and Terry Jordan, did not provide him with adequate representation, as required by the Constitution of the United States of America. Steve Arey and Terry Jordan were young, inexperienced lawyers who should have never even been considered for a capital case. Judge Persin, the presiding Judge in the case, however, decided on these two gentlemen because other more experienced lawyers refused to take the case because of the huge financial sacrifice it would require. Albeit public speculation that Judge Persins previous profession as a prosecutor had led him to heavily favor the prosecution, his decision stood. The two prosecutors who Arey and Jordan would be opposed by were Mickey McGlothlin and Tom Scott. Both prosecutors had far more experience than the defense lawyers, but that didnt stop Judge Persin from appointing Arey and Jordan to the case. It was an obvious mismatch, intentional or not, and was just the beginning of many problems that would arise for the defendants case. The murder of Wanda McCoy took place in Grundy, a small town in Virginia. The year was 1981, and Brad McCoy, Wandas husband, arrived home from work to find his wife dead, the apparent victim of a brutal rape and murder. The police investigated the crime scene, recorded witness reports, and searched for suspects. When they identified their prime suspect, Roger Coleman, the police made the arrest. Due to the negative public opinion that had generated following the arrest, Coleman demanded that his lawyers file for a change of venue with the court. Since Grundy was such a small town, it would  be very difficult to pick an impartial jury to give Coleman a fair trial. Every person in the town had to have read or seen something on the murder. The fact that the police provided supposed conclusive evidence against Roger Coleman and made it public, many of Grundys residents wanted to see Coleman sentenced to death. Steve Arey had been preparing the case to present to Judge Persin, but at the last minute, he notified Terry Jordan that he would not be able to attend due to a prior engagement. Areys lack of respect for Coleman and the case in general left Terry Jordan with a crucial decisionwhether to seek a continuance or to argue the motion himself. He chose to present the case himself. The defenses decision to argue the motion was a terrible decision. Not only should Jordan have sought a continuance because he was not prepared to argue the case, but neither of the defense lawyers had done any research or made any effort to obtain evidence to support their case for a change of venue, except for a couple of newspaper clippings and a picture of the hanging-tree sign. The prosecution, on the other hand, had gotten approximately fifty affidavits from members of the town claiming that they did not have any biased feelings about the case. As expected, Judge Persin denied the change of venue request, a nd effectively set the tone for Roger Colemans trial. The beginning of every trial begins with opening statements, which provide the jury with a preview of the evidence they will provide and what it will effectively show. A lawyers opening statement is probably the most important part of the entire trial, and usually puts the jurors leaning favorably towards the side with the more convincing performance. Like any other criminal case, the burden of proof lies with the prosecution. They are required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant committed the crime. Mickey McGlothlin presented an organized and persuasive opening statement that gave the jury the impression that Roger Coleman was guilty based on the significant amount of evidence against him. The defenses opening statement should have attacked the evidence that the state provided, and also attacked McGlothlins credibility. The defenses  opening statement should have consisted of a description of the friendly relationship that existed between Roger Coleman and the McCoys. It also should have also included Colemans alibiPhilip VanDykeand the fact that VanDykes time card reinforces the time that he said he was with Coleman and the time that he clocked into his job. Arey and Jordan also had an opportunity to smear McGlothlins credibility by referring to evidence that he failed to mention in his opening argumentthe pry mark on the door, the broken fingernails on the victim but no scratches on Coleman, and that the substance found on the victim was soil, not coal dust, which had been on Colemans clothes. The defense counsel didnt refer to any of those facts. No scientific evidence was brought up, and it failed to respond to McGlothins statement that there was evidence that Coleman had in fact admitted to committing the crime. The opening statement was a complete disappointment for Coleman. It started to raise questions inside of Coleman of whether his own defense lawyers thought he was guilty and therefore were not putting the time or effort in to prove his innocence. In either case, his defense lawyers had presented a completely inadequate opening statement, and it left the jury with the feeling that Roger Coleman was guilty. In addition to failing to present a solid and influential opening argument, another major problem with the defense counsel was their extreme lack of preparation for the trial (their own witnesses and the states witnesses). Before the Coleman case, Terry Jordan had never tried a murder case, a rape case, any case involving blood or hair analysis or a criminal case of any kind that lasted more than one day (112). Being from Grundy, Jordan should have interviewed most if not all of the local witnesses, but that did not happen. He did not interview all of police officers that were investigating the crime nor did he interview Dr. McDonald, who was the first one to examine Wanda McCoys body and who estimated her time of death. He did not interview Hezzie McCoy, Dr. Oxley (the doctor who performed the autopsy), or even Elmer Gist, who was the states blood and hair expert. In fact, Jordan cross-examination of Elmer Gist was solely based on Gists report about hair comparisons and one on blood analysis. He had not read anything about blood or hair analysis, because if he had, he would have been more capable of performing an effective cross-examination of the states most crucial  witness. Terry Jordan also failed to carefully examine the physical locations that could have led to Colemans innocence and acquittal. He never actually went inside the house where the murder took place, nor did he examine the door to see if there was any evidence of forced entry. He never examined the bathhouse where Coleman said his pants got wet from, and he did not go to the mine where Roger worked. The route that Coleman supposedly took that night was never gone over to see how long it took and to see if there was time for him to commit the crime given the stops that he made prior to the murder. Jordan did not look for other witnesses who the state had not identified, and he did not ever ask for VanDykes time card, an essential piece of evidence. No photographs were taken at any point, making everything that was presented in court non-visual. Visuals would have made the defenses case much stronger. Steve Arey had interviewed most of the same witnesses that Jordan interviewed, along with a couple other defense-alibi witnesses. The state was heavily favored in the case to begin with because of their experience in criminal cases, as opposed to the defense counsels lack of experience in such cases. As expected, Judge Persin ruled in favor of the state and Roger Coleman was sentenced to death. Many criminal cases are appealed after their conclusion, and this case was no different. The defense has thirty days to file a Notice of Appeal with the Court. The defense prepared their appeal and mailed it to the Court. However, the attorney generals office told the defense that they had filed the appeal one day late and that it would not be accepted. This was another huge mistake by the defense. Although a legal technicality should not be the cause for an innocent mans evidence to be withheld, the law specifically stated that a Notice of Appeal must be filed within thirty days of the Judge signing the order that rejected all of the defenses arguments. The defense had missed a crucial deadline and Roger Coleman would b e punished because of it. The defense would not be able to get the Court to listen to their case again and this would eventually lead to Colemans death. The fact remains that neither Terry Jordan nor Steve Arey conducted a thorough enough investigation to really present a strong case to oppose the prosecution. Roger Coleman was never really given a fair trial, and it ultimately led to his conviction and death. His lawyers failed to use the evidence that was available to get their client acquitted. Their inexperience and lack of motivation resulted in an innocent mans death. There were many opportunities for the defense counsel to question witnesses, to seek experts opinions on the forensic evidence, and to insert new evidence to support Roger Colemans case, but they did not do so. Jordan and Arey should have never been appointed as Colemans counsel, and that alone made Colemans chances of acquittal slim to none. Roger Coleman was never given a fair chance, even later on in the process before he was executed, however, his defense lawyers performed well below the standards that a man on trial for his life deserves. Their terrible mista kes and decisions led to the death of an innocent man.

Theoretical Study and Computational Modeling :: Graduate Admissions Essays

Theoretical Study and Computational Modeling    As the science of theoretical chemistry has matured, its focus   has shifted from analytically solvable problems, such as the   atomic structure of hydrogen, to more complex problems for which   analytical solutions are difficult or impossible to specify.    Important questions about the behavior of condensed phases of   matter, the electronic structure of heavy atoms and the _in   vivo_ conformation of biological macromolecules fall into this   class.   The powerful, highly-parallel supercomputers that have   evolved from recent advances in computing technology are ideally   suited to the mathematical modeling of these complex chemical   phenomena.   Simulations in which the trajectories of a large   number of interacting bodies must be computed simultaneously,   such as statistical-mechanical Monte Carlo studies or molecular   dynamics simulations, are particularly appropriate for   implementation on parallel machines.   I plan to devote my   graduate and postgraduate work to the theoretical study and   computational modeling of these many-body systems.      In preparation for this work, I have developed a strong   background in mathematics and computer science in addition to my   coursework in chemistry.   Given the current demand for increased   computing capacity, this background should prove beneficial.   For example, while recent advances in computer hardware alone   promise potential tenfold increases in speed, truly significant   jumps in computing power (speedups of, say, a thousandfold) will   require changes in currently available programming environments   and the reformulation of popular simulation algorithms.   Furthermore, until highly-parallel machines become widely   available, even modest increases in capacity will depend in part   upon the innovative use of existing hardware through the   continued modification of available software and the development   of new algorithms.   My elective work in computer science and   mathematics should prove useful for both the revision of   existin g programs and the eventual development of new programs   and languages specifically designed for the parallel   architecture of tomorrow's supercomputers.      After completing my doctoral work, I plan to seek employment as   a university professor.

Three Ways of Being with Technology

Three Ways Of Being-with Technology by Carl Mitcham Introduction: Mitcham talks about the relations between technology and humanity. He starts with the chicken-and-egg question â€Å"Which is primary-humanity or knowledge? † What exactly is happening? Is it that we influence the technology or is it so happening that the technology is shaping our morals and us? At this point he quotes one of the Winston Churchill quotations that â€Å"We shape our buildings and thereafter they shape us â€Å".Then he tries to answer this question by saying it is a mutual relationship in between these two but even the mutual relationship take different forms. He then proposes a three ways of being with the technology and takes the whole document on structural analysis of the three forms. Ancient Skepticism: The articulation of a relationship between humanity and technics in the earliest forms when stated boldly is â€Å"technology (that is, the study of technics) is necessary but dangerousâ⠂¬ .Technics, according to these myths, although to some extent required by humanity and thus on occasion a cause for legitimate celebration, easily turns against the human by severing it from some larger reality – a severing that can be manifest in a failure of faith or shift of the will, a refusal to rely on or trust God or the gods, whether manifested in nature or in Providence. Ethical arguments in support of this distrust or uneasiness about technical activities can be detected in the earliest strata of Western philosophy.Socrates considered farming, the least technical of the arts, to be the most philosophical of occupations. This idea of agriculture as the most virtuous of the arts, one in which human technical action tends to be kept within proper limits, is repeated by representatives of the philosophical tradition as diverse as Plato, Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas, and Thomas Jefferson. Socrates argues that because of the supreme importance of the ethical and political issues, human beings should not allow themselves to become preoccupied with scientific and technological pursuits.Socrates argues that human beings should determine for themselves how to perform their actions and therefore should not depend on god for help in â€Å"counting, measuring or weighing† whose consequences are nonetheless hidden. In the Intellectual Auto Biography of Socrates, he explained how he turned away from natural science because of the cosmological and moral confusion it tends to engender. Never did he speculate on the ‘cosmos ‘of the sophists or the necessities of the heavens but declared those who worried about such matters were foolish.The classical greek culture was shot through with a distrust of the wealth and the affluence that the technai or arts could produce if not kept within strict limits. Socrates explains what is important is moderation. He explains that under the condition of affluence human beings tend to become accustomed to eas e and thus to chose less over the more perfect. He explains â€Å"Once drugs are available as palliatives, for instance, most individuals will choose them for the alleviation of pain over the more strenuous paths of physical hygiene or psychological enlightenment. Which is very true in the modern con text than to that current in athens that scarcely need to be mentioned. Another aspect of this tension between politics and technology is on the dangers of technical change. In the words of Adeimantus, with whom Socrates in this instance evidently agrees, once change has established itself as normal in the arts, â€Å"it overflows its bounds into human character and activity and from there issues forth to attack commercial affairs, and then proceeds against the laws and political orders†.Technological change, which undermines the authority of custom and habit, thus tends to introduce violence into the state. This should be taken more serious with the experience in the 20th centu ry. Eros or love, by contrast, is oriented toward the higher or the stronger; it seeks out the good and strives for transcendence. â€Å"And the person who is versed in such matters is said to have spiritual wisdom, as opposed to the wisdom of one with technai or low-grade handicraft skills† It’s the person with the spiritual wisdom that the love is oriented to.The ancient critique of technology thus rests on a tightly woven, fourfold argument: (1) the will to technology or the technological intention often involves a turning away from faith or trust in nature or Providence; (2) technical affluence and the concomitant processes of change tend to undermine individual striving for excellence and societal stability; (3) technological knowledge likewise draws human beings into intercourse with the world and obscures transcendence; (4) technical objects are less real than objects of nature.This pre-modern attitude looks on technics as dangerous or guilty until proven innoce nt or necessary – and in any case, the burden of proof lie’s with those who favor technology not those who would restraint it, because this way of being with technology views it with skepticism. Enlightenment Optimism: This is a radically different way of being with technology; it shifts the burden of proof from those who favor to those who oppose the introduction of inventions in the name of enlightenment.Aspects of this idea or attitude are not without pre-modern adumbration. This idea is first fully articulated in the writings of Francis Bacon at the time of renaissance. Unlike Socrates Bacon maintains that God has given humanity a clear mandate for the change i. e. the technical change. Technical consequences are all cut loose with an optimistic hope and the consequences of such actions are treated as mere accidents. We all deemed to form in the image of god are all expected to create and the art plays the primary role in this.Formed in the image and likeness of Go d, human beings are called on to be creators; to abjure that vocation and pursue instead an unproductive discourse on ethical dilemmas. Bacon indeed claims that not applying new remedies must expect new evils. The kingdom of man founded by sciences is none other than the kingdom of heavens. It is important to understand that Bacon and Socrates relates to each other in pro- and anti- technology partisans. Technical action is circumscribed by uncertainty or risk.Bason doesn’t evaluate technical projects on their individual merits, but simply asserts/affirms the technology. It is important to pursue technological action irrespective of the dangerous consequences. The uncertainty of the technological actions is jettisoned in the name of revelation. Bacon argues that the inventions of printing, gunpowder, and the compass have done more to benefit humanity than all the philosophical debates and political reforms have done to the human kind throughout history.The distinctly modern w ay of being-with technology may be articulated in terms of four interrelated arguments: (1) the will to technology is ordained for humanity by God or by nature; (2) technological activity is morally beneficial because, while stimulating human action, it ministers to physical needs and increases sociability; (3) knowledge acquired by a technical closure with the world is more true than abstract theory; and (4) nature is no more real than artifice – indeed, it operates by the same principles.Romantic Uneasiness: The pre modern way of being with technology effectively limited the rapid technical expansions in the west for approximately 2000 years. The proximate causes of this radical transformation were, of course, legion: geographic, economic, political, military and scientific and the author questions then what brought all such factors together in England to engender a new way of life. Romanticism is what came out from this yelling for change.This paved the way for the new way of being with the technology, one that can be identified as with ancient skepticism or modern optimism but tries to be neutral by accepting change but showing uneasiness towards the change. Mitcham argues that the Romanticism is a form of questioning. On the ancient view, technology was seen as a turning away from God or the gods. On the modern view, it is ordained by God or, with the Enlightenment rejection of God, by nature. With the romantics the will to technology either remains grounded in nature or is cut free from all extra-human determination.In the former instance, however, nature is reconceived not just as mechanistic movement but as an organic striving toward creative development and expression. William Wordsworth tries to demonstrate the same thing through his poems. In which he first shows exult over intellectual mastery and inventions and then in the following poems looks back and grieves over the great change that happened because of inventions and the outrage done t o the nature. Then he writes how unpropped are these arts and high inventions.Rousseau argues the need for actions, not words, and approves the initial achievements of the Renaissance in freeing humanity from a barren medieval Scholasticism. He argues that the destruction is better than inaction. He then points out to a paradox that: turning against technology – but in the name of ideals that are at the heart of technology. In with the way of romantic way of being with technology, there is a paradox. There is a certain ambivalence built in to this attitude. The attitude itself has not been adopted whole-hearted way by the modern culture.